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影子银行与传统金融中介的四大支柱

来源于 《比较》 2023年第4期 出版日期 2023年08月01日
文|伊曼纽尔·法尔希 让·梯若尔

6.结论

  我们研究了银行的最优监管安排,监督会减少道德风险和资产负债表风险,金融中介机构则可能因为监管要求而转移到影子银行部门。我们没有设定影子银行或零售银行各自拥有的比较优势,而是从均衡分析中推导它们的行为差异。

  我们的主要发现是,监管与政府提供的保险方式(给银行的最后贷款人服务和给储户的存款保险服务)存在互补性。保险要付出成本,监管则能降低兑现保险承诺的风险。我们的分析给银行和储户的隐性及显性担保留出了空间。其次,对于隔离和鼓励把交易导向中央对手方结算所,我们给出了初步的规范分析。我们的研究表明,不完全的监管信息如何导致金融中介之间的对冲式勾兑,使银行持有虚假流动性,只能覆盖部分风险,以及导致公共流动性被抽取到影子银行部门。我们分析得出的总体图景是六大支柱:对银行的审慎监管,给特定借款人(中小企业)和特定贷款人(零售银行储户)的服务,最后贷款人,存款保险,鼓励转向中央对手方,以及隔离措施。(*53.这些观点或许可以更广泛地适用于有系统重要性的支付体系、做市活动等功能议题。尤其是,支付体系的基础是信用,其本身需要有相对安全的资产,要么来自抵押担保,要么来自政府作为监管方和最后贷款人的支持。

  未来的研究有多条路径可选择。例如,我们的模型在逻辑上强调公共监管,因为公共财政会受到外部性影响。但在实践中,监督是由公共部门(银行监管方)与私人部门(股份和其他可救助证券的持有者、评级机构等)共同实施的,并都可能遭遇道德风险和监管俘获。因此我们需要分析相应的利害关系,在更复杂的背景下推导最优方案。本文第3节分析的模型中没有私人监督激励,因为银行不能稀释债权人。本文过去的一个版本则考虑了不同的模型设定,银行对项目风险而非对杠杆率的选择存在道德风险。该版本显示,监督存在私人激励,但因为有财政外部性影响,私人监督激励可能弱于公共监督激励。

  另一个拓展议题涉及综合银行,以及监管机构还是监管业务的选择。我们没有分析涉及多种经营活动的银行,其中某些业务在传统上属于受监管部门,另一些则属于影子银行部门。我们的模型更支持监管机构,而非监管业务,因为相比保持距离型的金融交易,流动性在综合银行内部的重新配置更加容易。打开金融机构内部的黑箱并考察企业边界问题,将是未来研究的一个重要领域。对传统银行业与投资银行业分离的成本和收益以及综合银行的好处的分析,最早来自Shy and Stenbacka (2017)以及Vickers(2017)。

  毋庸讳言,本文得出的简化图景只是强调了自然的共变性。现实总是比模型描述的更为复杂。与传统银行业有关的独有特征带有自身的成本及改进的可能性,我们希望未来的研究会加深这方面的分析。

(余江 译)

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