21世纪的福利国家

7.结语

　　许多批评福利国家的人认为，福利制度将导致经济下滑，因为社会责任的压力、社会保险带来的安全感都将削弱激励。但事实证明，所有的重大危机都与福利制度无关，而是由金融部门（雇用了许多福利国家批评者）的过度投机造成的。甚至在2008年金融危机之后，福利制度发达的国家往往都是危机后复苏最快的国家，而金融部门（包括欧洲中央银行）的一些人仍在寻找机会警告福利国家的危险。

　　人们有时在问：福利国家在今天是否可行？全球化在许多方面扩大了对现代福利国家的需求，但同时由于各国税收竞争，也削弱了政府提供福利的财政能力。（*这是Stiglitz（2013）分析的一个主题，亦可参见该卷中其他论文，特别是Moene（2013）。）

　　对此，有两种回应：第一，我们必须改革全球化，限制税收竞争的范围，并设计有效的跨国公司税收制度。在欧洲，这是一个特别重要的问题，因为货物、资金和人员可以很容易跨国流动。在欧洲大陆，需要有一个覆盖全欧洲的累进所得税，其收入可以部分用于提供一些基本的社会保护。

　　第二，一个精心设计的福利国家实际上会改善整体经济表现。正如我们指出的，有大量的理论和实证研究表明，更加平等的社会是更好的，有更快的经济增长，更稳定的社会秩序。例如，我们在前文指出，公平可以塑造更有创造性的社会，因为个人更乐意承担风险。（*参见Stiglitz（2015a）。）卡尔·莫内及其合著者（Moene，2013；Barth、Moene and Willumsen，2015）还注意到福利国家对创造一个开放政治环境的好处：有了适度的社会保护，个人更愿意接受变化，心态更加开放。被甩在后面的美国人和欧洲人，他们明显增长的保护主义情绪证明了这一见解。

　　因此，福利国家不仅仅是一个关于社会公正的问题。我认为，福利国家最令人信服的是它超越了狭隘的经济论点，它甚至超越了社会正义的标准论据。我们必须扪心自问，我们希望生活在什么样的社会，我们希望成为什么样的人？对于那些支持福利国家的人来说，福利国家的核心作用是让人们具有社会良知、让人们与同胞相互团结、让人们富有同情心。

　　（国务院发展研究中心 单大圣 译 高世楫 校）

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