财新传媒

《大宪章》、法治与对政府的约束

来源于 《比较》 2021年第4期 出版日期 2021年08月01日
文丨赫苏斯·费尔南德斯-比拉韦德

八、结论

  我在本文开头引用了西奥多·普拉克内特的一段话。用这位英国历史学家的话作为结尾,似乎契合瓦格纳式的主旋律:中世纪的人首先是实干家,他们走出了漫长的黑暗时代,开始编织法律的锦绣织品。对他们而言,法治不仅是值得追求的精神成就,也是一次伟大的充满活力的十字军东征,而且是所有十字军东征中最伟大的一次,因为在经历无数挫折以后,只有这一次幸存。现在,写一篇专题论文探讨西方世界相对于其他地区的崛起,非常流行。对于解释大分流的理论,可以列出长长的清单,从帝国主义和对自然资源的掠夺(从走廊的一侧)到更为优越的制度(走廊的另一侧),名目繁多。然而,即使那些赞同制度起作用的人,也很少能够理解法律在欧洲发展过程中扮演的至关重要的角色。

  1215年中国皇帝宋宁宗在其广阔的王国中地位稳固,拥有巨额岁入。他有无数的顾问,定期向他们征求意见,但是他永远不需要召集王国各地的代表,无论征税还是发动战争也都不需要征得他们的同意。简而言之,他甚至不理解像《大宪章》这样的章程究竟为何物。相比之下,英格兰的约翰王和欧洲的其他领主不得不与议会、律师、教会、贵族和自治城市打交道。正如《大宪章》不断延续所表明的,那些制衡力量经常会赢。历史上的中国并没有与议会有任何相似之处的事物,法律没有形成自治的概念,也不存在独立和有组织的宗教组织(佛教寺庙远没有发挥协调各种权力的作用),贵族大部分被官僚替代,他们通过科举制度被选拔出来,城市也仅能扩展到皇帝认为合意的程度。

  《大宪章》及其对英语国家的影响是欧洲特殊性的重要证据。正如普拉克内特提醒我们的,中世纪永久性地改变了欧洲及其北美洲和大洋洲旁支的历史进程。法律至高无上的权威是欧洲人的秘密武器。

  (南开大学郭金兴译)

  参考文献

  Arndt,H.W.,1957.The Origins of Dicey’s Concept of the ‘Rule of Law’.Aust.Law J.31,117-123.

  Barber,N.W.,2010.The Constitutional State.Oxford University Press.

  Broszat,M.,1981.The Hitler State:The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich.Longman.

  Buchanan,J.M.,1986.The Constitution of Economic Policy.American Economic Review77(3),243-250.

  Collins,J.,2015.Democracy’s Guardians:A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court,1951-2001.Oxford University Press.

  Cosgrove,R.A.,1980.The Rule of Law:Albert Venn Dicey,Victorian Jurist.University of Carolina Press.

  Dick Howard,A.E.,1968.The Road from Runnymede:Magna Carta and Constitutionalism in America.University of Virginia Press.

  Ernst,D.R.,2014.Tocqueville’s Nightmare,The Administrative State Emerges in America,1900-1940.Oxford University Press.

  Fischer,D.H.,2004.Liberty and Freedom:A Visual History of America’s FoundingIdeas.Oxford University Press.

  Fuller,L.L.,1969.The Morality of the Law,Revised edition.Yale University Press.

  Grifth,J.A.G.,1979.The Political Constitution.The Modern Law Review 42(1),1-21.

  Hamburger,P.,2014.Is Administrative Law Unlawful? University of Chicago Press.

  Hart,J.S.,2003.The Rule of Law:1603-1660.Pearson Longman.

  Hayek,F.A.,2011.The Constitution of Liberty:The Denitive Edition.University of Chicago Press.

  Helmholz,R.H.,2015.Natural Law in Court:A History of Legal Theory in Practice.

  Heuschling,L.,2002.tat de droit,Rechtsstaat[Rule of Law].Dalloz.

  Holt,J.C.,1965.Magna Carta.Cambridge University Press.

  Kelsen,H.,1967.Pure Theory of Law.University of California Press.

  Kent,J.,1826.Commentaries on American Law, Available at http://www.constitution.org/jk/jk_ooo.htm.

  Kershaw,I.,1993.‘Working Towards the Führer.’ Reections on the nature of the Hitler dictatorship.Cont-emp.Eur.Hist.2,103-118.

  Kleiner,M.M.,Krueger,A.B.,2013.Analyzing the extent and inuence of occupational licensing on the labor market.J.Labor Econ.31(2),S173-S202.

  Kommers,D.P.,Miller,R.A.,2012.The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany:Third Edition,Revised and Expanded,3rd edition.Duke University Press.

  Loughlin,M.,2010.John Griffith:ave atque vale.Public Law October,643-654.

  Nelson,E.,2014.The Royalist Revolution:Monarchy and the American Founding.Harvard University Press.

  O’Brien,P.P.,2015.How the War was Won:Air-Sea Power and Allied Victory in World War II.Cambridge University Press.

  Ogden,J.,1932.Lincoln’s early impressions of the law in Indiana.Notre Dame Law Rev. 7,325-329.

  Pallitto,R.M.,2015.Great Charter:Common Law Constitutionalism and the Magna Carta.University of Kansas Press.

  Pugh,T.,Aronstein,S.,2012.The Disney Middle Ages:A Fairy-Tale and Fantasy Past.Palgrave McMillan.

  Radbruch,G.,2003.In:Ralf,D.,Stanley,L.,Paulson,C.F.M.(Eds.),Rechtsphilosophie,Studienausgabe.

  Reid,J.P.,2004.Rule of Law:The Jurisprudence of Liberty in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.Northern Illinois University Press.

  Stoner,J.R.,1992.Common Law and Liberal Theory:Coke,Hobbes,and the Origins of American Constitutionalism.University of Kansas Press.

  Tamanaha,B.Z.,2004.On the Rule of Law:History,Politics,Theory.Cambridge University Press.

  Taylor,A.J.P.,1945.The Course of German History.Hamish Hamilton.

  Vincent,N.,2012.Magna Carta:A Very Short Introduction.Oxford University Press.

  Vinas,A.,2015.La Otra Cara del Caudillo:Mitos y Realidades en la Biografía de Franco.Critica.

  Zweiben,B.,1990.How Blackstone Lost the Colonies:English Law,ColonialLawyers,and the American Revolution.Garland Publishing.

  延伸阅读

  Blackstone,W.,1765-1769.Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books,Available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject menus/blackstone.asp.

  Dicey,A.V.,1885.An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution.

  Available at http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1714.

  Placidus,J.W.,1798.Litteratur der Staatslehre.Strassburg.

  Plucknett,T.F.K.,2010.A Concise History of the Common Law.Liberty Fund.

  Von Mohl,R.,1844.Die Polizei-0Wissenschaftnach den Grundsätzen des Rechtsstaates.Laupp.

  Wilson,W.,1885.Congressional Government:A Study in American Politics.Houghton Mifflin

  [《比较》印刷版,点此订阅,随时起刊,免费快递。]

版面编辑:刘春辉
财新网主编精选版电邮 样例
财新网新闻版电邮全新升级!财新网主编精心编写,每个工作日定时投递,篇篇重磅,可信可引。
订阅