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低碳转型风险的全球定价

来源于 《比较》 2022年第3期 出版日期 2022年06月01日
文|帕特里克·博尔顿 马钦·卡茨佩尔契克

5.结论

  如果要遏制全球变暖,全球经济就必须放弃对化石能源的依赖,并且到2050年或2060年将碳排放量降至零。每年的减排率相当于我们在2020年已经看到的因新冠疫情导致的减排率。全球经济能否持续以这一转型速率脱离化石能源,减排是平稳的还是非线性突变的,这些都不确定。但是可以肯定的是,未来几年乃至几十年,投资者将面临巨大的低碳转型风险。鉴于股票市场本质上是前瞻性的,因此很自然地会问,股票收益多大程度上反映了低碳转型风险。

  我们分析了77个国家14 400多家上市企业的低碳转型风险定价,尽可能广泛地探讨了上述问题。迄今为止,人们对碳排放如何影响全球的股票收益仍知之甚少。我们广泛的解释性研究初步回答了这个问题。我们发现的证据表明,碳溢价,即企业碳排放越高则其股票收益越高,既广泛存在又显著,而且正在不断上升。碳溢价并不仅仅存在于部分国家(美国、欧盟)或部分与化石能源相关的行业,它无处不在,影响着亚洲、欧洲、北美洲三大洲各行各业的企业。此外,股票收益不仅与企业的直接排放有关,还与通过供应链传导的间接排放有关。碳溢价既与每年的排放量增长(短期低碳转型风险)有关,也与碳排放量(长期低碳转型风险)有关。

  最后,我们发现低碳转型风险不仅反映了气候政策的不确定性,而且与可再生能源技术进步的不确定性以及支持或破坏气候政策的社会政治环境有关。另外,时间序列模式表明碳溢价是随时间变化的,在第21届联合国气候变化大会之后碳溢价显著上升。

  从广义上讲,我们的研究对碳税作为减排手段的讨论有启发意义。虽然从经济原理的角度看,碳税这一想法很有吸引力,但它面临实践障碍。实施全球碳税的一个主要障碍是协调有不同利益和经济能力的各政治实体。我们的研究表明,金融市场可以发挥重要的放大作用。高排放企业的股权成本不断上升可被视为通过资本市场征税。(中国工商银行投资银行部王超然国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所俞敏译)

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