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全球金融稳定的监测框架

来源于 《比较》 2019年第6期 出版日期 2019年12月01日
文|托比亚斯·阿德里安 何东 梁内利 法比奥·纳塔卢奇

五、脆弱性和宏观审慎政策工具

  建立一套监测周期性金融稳定风险的系统性方法是实施更好的宏观经济稳定政策的基础。IMF关于双边监测的指导说明(2014)为表2中矩阵所示的各种金融脆弱性和与之相对应的宏观审慎政策工具建立了联系。本文介绍的多边监测框架也有助于在全球范围内制定出更好的政策,即使这些政策由国内监管当局执行。全球GaR提供了一个审视跨国金融外溢的视角,有助于提出双边和多边监测建议。随着国际金融一体化程度的提高,这一点变得越来越重要。

  IMF近期启动了一项新的关于宏观审慎政策使用的年度调查(IMF,2018),相关政策可以与表1和表2所示矩阵中的金融脆弱性相对应。调查始于2017年初,请相关国家报告与潜在金融脆弱性(IMF,2014)相关的各类宏观审慎工具的使用情况。其中的一些宏观审慎工具主要针对银行的信用风险敞口、流动性和外汇期限错配、非银行金融机构的流动性和资产低价抛售、系统重要性金融机构的风险等。该调查还谈到了制定宏观审慎政策的制度框架,包括中央银行、金融监管机构和金融稳定委员会各自的职责,由此将金融稳定风险的监管工作和评估旨在减少这些风险的宏观审慎政策工具结合在一起。

  调查发现,许多国家设立了专门的监管机构,并运用结构性宏观审慎工具降低银行资产负债表的脆弱性。大部分国家报告了对银行部门和保险机构的杠杆率与流动性进行监管的工具(见表3)。许多国家同时报告了对银行的家庭和企业风险敞口进行管理的工具。对流动性和外汇错配的监管有三个最常用的指标,它们分别是流动性覆盖率、净稳定资金比率和净外汇头寸。然而,很少有国家在调查中表示,它们设有专门的监管机构或工具以管理非银行贷款人的期限和外汇错配风险,或者银行和非银行金融机构参与的金融市场上的期限和外汇错配风险。政府对风险匹配情况的系统性报告以及金融脆弱性较高的国家采用的政策工具,是GFSR中多边监测框架的重要元素。

  该调查还提供了更全面的数据,推动了必要的后续研究,以评估不同政策的效力,从而改善宏观审慎政策的制定。研究表明,宏观审慎工具在减少脆弱性方面取得了一定成效,但经验仍然有限。例如,相关研究人员 (Cerutti、Claessens and Laeven,2015)发现,针对借款人的监管工具,例如贷款价值比和债务收入比,能够显著减少家庭信贷的增长,但这些工具在开放经济体中的效果较弱;还有证据表明,使用这些监管工具后,通过跨国借贷规避监管的行为会增加。[*1.Cerutti et al.(2016)记录了大量这些国家常用的监管工具。研究表明,许多工具并未用来降低周期性脆弱性。贷款价值比经常调整,准备金调整次之(非货币政策目的)。]有学者(Akinci and Olmstead-Rumsey,2018)发现,收紧贷款价值比、债务收入比及其他房地产相关指标对信贷和房价影响显著,这一现象在新兴市场经济体尤为常见。

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  该调查也强调了制定宏观审慎政策框架的制度结构,为进一步研究能有效减少金融稳定风险的制度设计提供了有价值的数据。根据调查中的反馈,111个国家设立了宏观审慎监管机构,其中80个国家的中央银行的角色定位与IMF基于研究制定的宏观审慎准则一致,该准则建议中央银行应及时采取举措减少信贷增长(IMF,2014)。最近的研究表明,自全球金融危机以来,财政部在制定政策中扮演越来越重要的角色,也涌现更多由多个机构组成的金融稳定委员会(Edge and Liang,2019)。越来越多的实践和关于政策效果的有限证据表明,更好地理解这些机构的决策动机及其对宏观审慎政策制定的影响,至关重要。

  后续研究将会考虑把反事实政策分析法用于联合制定宏观审慎和货币政策,以实现经济稳定和增长的目的。阿德里安和杜瓦迪(Adrian and Duarte,2017)在常用的新凯恩斯宏观经济模型中加入了金融脆弱性,结果表明,即使货币政策锚定通胀目标,最优货币政策也不等同于泰勒法则。增加宏观审慎政策工具的更多工作正在开展中。

六、结论

  本文介绍了GFSR所用的概念框架,它已演变成一个多边监测框架,可以提高周期性金融稳定风险评估的透明度,加强信息交流。该框架基于宏观金融关联,也即金融部门同宏观经济增长和稳定之间的关联。研究表明,在金融危机爆发之前,政策制定者和学者都忽视了许多宏观金融关联。在许多金融危机中,我们常常可以发现某些金融脆弱性,例如高杠杆率或金融机构的大量期限错配。该监测框架还强调,金融监管应前瞻金融脆弱性的不同表现形式,特别是在跨国金融一体化程度提高的背景下。

  此外,新的GaR指标强调,在评估经济增长和稳定时,重要的是关注基于金融条件的预测增长率的整个分布而非点估计。GaR还充分说明了关注预测增长率风险如何随时间变化的重要性,因为旨在促进增长和减少波动的宽松措施有可能引发短期内更多的风险承担行为,导致脆弱性积累,从而加大中期经济增长率下行的风险。

  GFSR提议的这一监测框架将有助于制定更高效的宏观审慎政策。该框架强调一致的度量标准对改进双边和多边监测的价值,这可以提升宏观审慎政策制定者对金融稳定风险的认识,促进他们之间的相互沟通。与针对特定金融脆弱性有效地使用宏观审慎工具方面的更好的数据相结合,这一框架可以为我们系统地评估金融稳定风险并实施减少这一风险的政策奠定基础。

  (北大汇丰商学院郑晓梅 译)

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